Introduction into digitally a right management.

Introduction

La majority of the people intended to speak about the authorizing software and pay by television of sight, but probably not connected him to a development in technology the management of DIGITAL Rights (DRM) called. To include/understand what DRM tries to carry out you d' access of all the need to include/understand the property intellectuelle.

Propriété intellectuelle

Pour to include/understand numerical lines that you must remember that books, plays, images, the films and so on (this paper including) are prone on lines of copyright or intellectual property. By international agreements such that the convention of Bern the countries identify these lines and provide a framework which allows supports of copyright d' to have uniform rights in various countries and of being able to impose them. All times that you buy a book, to hear a modern recording played on television or to see qu' a film a payment is made with the supports of copyright of the travail.

Vous will find appreciably more of the detail on the lines of intellectual property (IPR) on the Web site http://www.wipo.int/. L' site provides a resource supplements l' information about the work of l' organization of intellectual property of world (WIPO).

Maintenant the lines of intellectual property were important in the trade of book and film, but television, the DVD, the software d' computer and the plays d' computer had a so significant effect on the world trade that l' organization of world trade (OMC) has a special section of its activities devoted to treat lines of intellectual property called the aspects of Trade-Related of the right-hand sides of intellectual property (VOYAGES) and more d' information on the negotiations of the world are at http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/trips_e.htm.

Vous can meet this that several industries very indeed consider the intellectual property with a business.

Demande of the management of right-hand sides of DIGITAL (DRM)

Tellement now when we speak about the numerical management of right-hand sides we speak about work of the intellectual property which is treated by the digital computers (or even l' analogue those).

Il has many much d' there; industries producing work of copyright which is held above and treated by computers. That includes n' import what which treats and so on the recorders with cassettes, video tape recorder, the CD-ROM, DVD, instantaneous charts. There are even laws which create lines in the data bases like collections d' informations.

Les supports of copyright (owners) noted that the information processing systems, the recorders with cassettes of television d' emission and, discs and the machines originals of video tape recorder n' made any attempt d' to stop people copying their work and d' to equalize to sell it above with obtaining from owner paid the royalty that the law d' IPR their gave. This started towards the end of the Eighties, and s' is developed significantly with l' introduction of the standards of music such as MP3 which n' did not prevent to copy, but made the general public market copying very facile.

D' other owners selling expensive work of `les' such as financial analyses of the companies or markets noted that people would buy a copy and then would draw from the copies of it to die in their friends for free. When the reports/ratios were printed they were photocopied, but to make them numerical facilitated to copy and more rapidement.

IL industry saw a massive occasion to be able to make significant amounts of l' money s' they could be able one or more to order what the person which had authorized a numerical work (when you buy to a book in the theory you l' authorize, and the same one goes with an image or a photograph) made with elle.

Les orders of DRM per comparison with HIM commande

Évidemment the things which you would like to order were n' import which form d' access and use, and to prevent n' in particular; import which attempt d' to remove the commandes.

Commande thus often provided are:

- reading of l' article;
- a number of times;
- to begin and finish dates for the reading;
- impression of l' article;
- of the whole;
- impression of lower quality;
- a number of copies;
- change of l' article;
- contents changing l' information;
- removal of the marks of copyright;
- to copy l' article;
- the manufacture of the copies of d' others can employ;
- parts copying of work;
- taken discharges d' screen like copies;
- to run l'article comme programme ;
- courir l'article sur un ordinateur ;
- permettre seulement à un utilisateur de courir l'article ;
- limitant le nombre d'unités centrales de traitement que l'article peut utiliser.

Ces commandes sont loin de l'original LUI type commandes sur les dossiers qui (pour ceux pas immédiatement au courant de elles) être toujours :

- lire ;
- écrire ;
- apposer ;
- effacement ;
- exécuter.

Maintenant car vous pouvez voir, c'est tout à fait une liste différente de commandes avec tout à fait un impact significatif.

DRM et mécanismes de remplissage

Quand les systèmes de DRM ont sorti la première fois il y avait un mouvement fort de pouvoir autoriser des quantités significatives de l'information trouvée sur l'Internet, et pour facturer chaque utilisation imaginable d'un article, pouvoir aussi bien transmettre des droites exécutoires d'une redresse le support à l'autre.

Les propriétaires originaux devaient également être recompensed par les mécanismes de micro-paiements qui transféreraient leur proportion due un aspect de leur travail ont été vendus/chaque fois autorisés. Ceci a été proposé de sorte que les propriétaires reçoivent un paiement précis pour l'usage.

Est-ce que cela lui a fait le travail ?

Bien, c'est où le détail obtient un peu plus compliqué.

Le seul mécanisme que les systèmes informatiques ont pour l'exécution commande quand le logiciel d'exploitation d'ordinateur n'est pas dans la commande (which is almost all the time with the Internet) is encryption. If you don’t encrypt (make secret) the thing you are trying to protect then your (lack of) protection mechanism will soon be detected and either all the works you were trying to protect will suddenly become freely available on the web (as happens more often than you might think) or they will be shared amongst private groups of users freely.

Now encryption requires a number of disciplines if it is going to be successful. It also imposes quite an overhead on a system. For instance, whilst the user would not worry about the time it takes to decrypt a file (say a document, spreadsheet, .pdf file) because the amount of information is in reality quite small, but if they are waiting for the decryption of streaming video or voice the heavy encryption currently used can harm performance. Certainly the average DVD would not perform well using a PC to decrypt all its information using, say triple DES.

Encryption also requires the control of cryptographic keys. Some people who have installed or re-installed Microsoft Windows will have typed in a long series of letters and numbers (a.k.a. a cryptographic key). But DRM system often require you to be in contact with a server that is monitoring user requests and comparing them with dynamically imposed controls (such as continuing to subscribe to a service).

Cryptography allows strong controls, but it also imposes overheads and technical difficulties.

The early DRM systems failed simply because they were too expensive for the amount of money they could reasonably collect. This idea of cost may sound rather strange, but the cost of mounting the servers, the processing overhead and the amount of connectivity required to operate those systems was simply too much compared to the amount of money they could realistically collect.

Can you make it work?

Cryptography can work effectively in a number of situations. But at the moment, micro-payments simply isn’t one of them. Using cryptography to control the actions of a user who has paid a substantial amount of money for the product will work where micro-payments will not.

Cryptography will let you control a number of events. But it depends upon how effective your cryptography is. A number of disasters have already overtaken those who either chose to implement poor algorithms or failed to understand that you have to do something significantly better than password protection if you are going to protect something that has significant value for your business. It is not necessary for this paper to do more than state that many of the ‘industry standard’ solutions failed to recognize the real management issues of cryptography and therefore failed to provide the protection that they seemed to claim.

Later solutions to DRM implementation have been more successful. Although it is fair to note that right owners need to think through what it is that they are licensing their customers for. And to make sure that their licensing is consistent with current international agreements. (Issues of international rights are the subject of a separate paper.)

Moving forwards

Decoupling DRM from micro-payments has enabled a more effective control suite to be provided that on the one hand supports industry objectives and on the other hand is acceptable to users. Users were not willing to work on the basis of micro-payments, but are more willing to buy a service that is delivered over a period of time.

It seems, from current market feedback, that whilst users do not like restrictions on their ability to share information with others, and to have it locked down to a specific computer, they will accept those kinds of limitations. What they are not happy about are situations where they have to be online to remote servers before they are able to use information that, as far as they are concerned, they have purchased, and should be able to access at any time, and for all time.

These requirements are at odds with the ideas of the ‘pay per view’ community from the record and film industries, who see a massive market opportunity if they can charge for each and every use of an item as against having sold it to a customer for permanent use. (In other words they may prefer the model of the DVD/Video shop to that of the customer buying a the item and being able to use it forever thereafter.)

Conclusion

DRM offers industry information providers, which include the financial industries, analysts, consultants, programmers (applications, games) database owners and so on, as well as the record and film industries, with significant potential. DRM significantly extends the old IT controls and provides a much finer grained control over the ability of the user to make use of an item.

Attempts to link finer grained control to micro-payments controls has not been successful so far, and may prove to be unattainable in the longer term because the cost of operating the mechanism exceeds the possible income per transaction. Speculation that web costs are zero may be correct for the end user, but studies have demonstrated that information service providers actually pay to have their information made available on the web.

The correct mechanism to implement DRM will vary significantly with the delivery requirement. Services that require high speed decryption still need to be implemented in hardware if they are to work in an online situation. Realtime services can only be delivered using dedicated hardware, and owners requiring this service should be aware of this limitation.